Gum (Periodontal) Disease

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a mild and common form of gum disease, representing the infection in its earliest stage. At this stage, only the layers of gum are affected, in particular where the gum meets the tooth. As the plaque builds up, it produces toxins which irritate the gums and bone, causing inflammation.

At this stage, people will commonly notice bleeding while brushing and flossing, yet not feel any pain or discomfort.

Inflammation from gingivitis when it goes untreated, can then cause the gums to separate from the tooth and bone, forming spaces between the teeth and gums, leading to a more serious form of gum disease, known as periodontitis.

Gingivitis is reversible with improved oral health care and a visit to your dentist.

Periodontitis

The second stage of gum disease is called periodontitis. Periodontitis develops if gingivitis remains untreated or is treated incorrectly. This latter stage of gum disease is irreversible as the bone and fibres that hold your teeth in place, are damaged. Your gums form spaces or pockets below the gum line, which trap food and plaque. When left untreated, periodontitis can cause your teeth to loosen and may have to be removed.

Periodontitis is irreversible, however with improved brushing and flossing and correct dental treatment, you can avoid further damage to your teeth and gums.

What causes gum disease?

While plaque is the main cause of gum disease, there are other factors that can contribute to its development. These factors include:

• Poor oral hygiene habits – Irregular brushing and flossing can lead to an increase in plaque, making it easier for gingivitis to develop.
• Inadequate nutrition
• Hormonal changes – Gums are often more sensitive during puberty, pregnancy, menopause and menstruation, which can make it easier for gingivitis to develop.
• Medication – Medications often reduce the flow of saliva, which helps to protect teeth and gums. As a result, teeth are more exposed to bacteria and plaque.
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Family history – If your family has a history of gum disease, you are more likely to develop gingivitis.
• Aging
• Stress
• Systemic diseases
• Substance abuse and HIV infection

What are the symptoms of gum disease?

People are often unaware that they have gum disease, as it can progress painlessly with very few obvious symptoms. However, there are some symptoms to look for, including:

• Gums that bleed during and after brushing
• Red, tender or swollen gums
• Receding gums
• Persistent bad breath or bad taste in your mouth
• Formation of deep pockets in between teeth and gums
• Loose teeth